These types of mobile VR headsets offer a great range of options and immersion for VR compared to the handheld viewers. Handheld VR viewers are predominantly limited to watching 360-degree videos or VR images.Įxamples: Mattel View-Master, Homido Grab Wearable smartphone VR HMD The viewer is often in the form of VR goggles or a Google Cardboard variant and either clips on to the phone or has a basic holding slot on the viewer for the smartphone. These are suitable for affordable, albeit limited, VR experiences via a smartphone. These offer the most basic and least immersive VR for users who have to hold the viewer up to their eyes with their hands (handheld VR), as there are no head straps. Wearable mobile VR headsets and handheld VR viewers Handheld VR viewers In addition, these headsets offer additional features to enhance the users VR experience. Wearable mobile VR HMDs: with the smartphone inserted into the headset, these devices offer head strapping in different forms, which creates for a more comfortable VR experience. ![]() ![]() VR handheld viewers: these basic VR devices don’t offer head straps, so virtual reality is experienced via the mobile device being attached to the VR viewer and held up to the users’ eyes.There are two main types of devices to experience virtual reality using a smartphone: Thus, it results in the mobile VR HMDs being relatively affordable. Indeed, mobile VR headsets are essentially a plastic casing with a pair of lenses and cushioning for user comfort, mostly relying on the tech of the inserted smartphone to power virtual reality apps. Users also should be aware that this type of VR is considered low-tech and stripped down. The average screen size range indicated by manufacturers is 4 to 6 inches. The devices are by and largely compatible with most Android smartphones and iPhones, as long as they fit inside the VR headset. Smartphone VR offers a relatively easy and minimal-risk introduction into virtual reality. ![]() In addition, there are hundreds of other lesser-known mobile VR headsets, VR goggles, and handheld VR viewers, most of which are based on the Google Cardboard platform. mobile VR, VR viewers) include several high-profile brands in the VR space, such as the Samsung Gear, Google Daydream, and the Pansonite HMDs. Smartphone virtual reality headsets (a.k.a.
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![]() Lunar Reader is yet another high-quality Chrome extension with a 4.7 rating on the Chrome web store. It can be used in conjunction with other dark mode extensions and themes as well. Turn off the lights works for almost all known video sites such as YouTube, Vimeo, Dailymotion, Hulu, Metacafe, YouKu, etc. You can use the dimming feature by clicking on a ‘lamp’ button that works as a toggle. It’s meant for video-streaming sites, and focuses on the currently playing video while dimming the rest of the content to offer users a theatrical experience. Offered by the same developer that brought you Dark Theme for Google Chrome, ‘Turn off the Lights’ is different from the other extensions and themes in this list. It comes from the same developer that offers the next extension on our list. The developers say that the dark grey color makes it very convenient for reading during night without eye strain. It uses a background color that’s only 80% black instead of the dark black background on offer from Just Black. It offers a simple, yet effective way to bring darkness to Google Chrome for enhanced productivity. Like Just Black Dark Theme for Google Chrome is also a theme rather than an extension. For all other websites that don’t have built-in dark mode, Night Eye will convert the colors for a smooth and consistent dark theme.ĭownload: ( Free) 4. For example, you can control the built-in dark themes of YouTube, Reddit, Twitch, 9gag, DuckDuckGo and many others. In addition to simply enabling dark mode, it also gives you a plethora of options to control the built-in dark themes on sites that have it. Unlike Dark Reader, Night Eye enables dark mode using its proprietary algorithm, instead of inverting the colors. ![]() The best part? It is free and open-source software (FOSS) that doesn’t show ads and doesn’t collect user data. You can adjust brightness, contrast, sepia filter, dark mode, font settings and ignore-list. It inverts bright colors on website, making them high contrast and easy to read at night. In fact, it is the one that I have used for long on Firefox, and it works impeccably on about 99% of the sites. Dark Reader is probably the most-used and best-known dark mode extension on both Chrome and Firefox. Whereas the XDS is more simplistic (everything you need, nothing you don't, a little bit of refinement) the XDM Elite comes rather stocked with features. Ultimately, it's a double-stack compact striker pistol nothing new there. The 10mm XDM Elite Compact is not offered without the OSP slide. You can opt for an OSP model (with or without a Hex Dragonfly optic) of both, or a non-OSP model in 9mm. The XDM Elite Compact is offered with a 3.8-inch barrel only, and is offered in 9mm and 10mm. The XDM Elite product lineup includes both compact and longslide competition models, so clearly one must compare the compact to the XDS. If you want to add the optic, MSRP goes up to $550, and the gun comes with - as mentioned - a Crimson Trace CTS 1500 with a 5 MOA reticle. It's essentially a generic version of 10-8 Performance sights (Hilton Yam's disappointment intensifies) and they are standard height.Īll models come with a flush-fit magazine with a pinky extension and a +2 extended magazine. All are available with or without a Crimson Trace CTS-1500 optic.Īll models have standard-height steel sights, with a black steel u-notch rear and black steel front with a white dot. Walther comes pretty close, but it's the nature of the beast.Īnother significant change is that all models of the XDS are OSP models the slide is milled for an optic whether you want it or not, and is milled for the Shield RMS footprint. Granted, a working class poly-striker gun is never going to have anything like a custom 1911 trigger. The trigger was redesigned for a little less take-up and a more positive wall, a long-standing criticism of XD triggers. The grip safety from the XDM Elite has been added, which features a memory bump (much like a modern 1911 grip safety) for more reliable engagement when gripping the pistol. The grenade-style texturing and swappable panels have been replaced with Mod.2 texturing. Some people prefer the longer barrel the longer sight radius is a bit of a shooting aid and a longer pistol can be easier to conceal as the gun is more stable inside the waistband. 45 ACP with a 3.3-inch barrel, or in 9mm with 4-inch barrel. The XDS Mod.2 has a number of changes from the original XDS, and the product line has been condensed to basically three pistols. ![]() Springfield XDS Mod.2: Springfield's Single Stack So what's the difference between the two? Okay, great Springfield Armory keeps revising their catalog. 9mm is offered in all barrel lengths, and 10mm is offered in all configurations except the 5-inch model.45 ACP is offered in the 3.8 Compact.Ī lot of major manufacturers aren't adding new guns in. Some of the XDM Elite features have been incorporated into the XDS Mod.2, and the original XDM has been discontinued as of 2022.Ĭurrently, Springfield Armory only offers a 3.8-inch compact, a 3.8-inch carry (full-size grip), a 4.5-inch full-size (with or without threaded barrel) and 5-inch XD-M Elite. ![]() Meanwhile, the XDM product lineup was updated for 2020 with the new XDM Elite models, which have a number of improvements over the original XDM. The XDS was launched to compete with the M&P Shieldand other single stacks, but is starting to fade into the background of the XD product lineup. In fact, Springfield only makes three XDS Mod.2 models at present. ![]() The original XDS has been phased out in lieu of the XDS Mod.2, and there aren't many different models. The base model (XD), a middle tier (XD Mod.2) a single stack subcompact (XDS) and the XDM, which was the Match model. Both have been on the market for more than a decade, so things are going to change every so often.Īt one point, there were four tiers of the XD. The XDS and XDM product lines have changed significantly in recent years. So with that said… The XDS And XDM Have Changed A Lot Which should you consider buying?Įither gun is a decent pick to have in your concealed carry holster, but which is "better" depends mostly on your preferences. The rest of the differences are basically cosmetic, which we'll get to in a moment. The big difference? The XDS series is single-stack, the XDM is a more traditional double-stack. However, there are some differences between the two that might tilt a person towards one or the other. Springfield Armory makes a number of compact pistols in their XD product line, and two that some people wind up trying to decide between are the XDS and XDM compact models.īoth have some improvements over the base XD pistol, which gets some people interested in Springfield's mid-tier carry pistols. XDM vs XDS: Is One Better Than The Other? ![]() A one-time purchase installed on 1 PC or Mac for use at home or school. Microsoft Office Home and Business license key mac One-time purchase for Lifetime, No Subscriptions, Not for iPad. Microsoft offers all students and teachers the online version of Microsoft Office for free along with 1TB of. Office Home and Student 2019 is for students and families who want classic Office apps including Word, Excel, and PowerPoint for Windows 10. How to Get Microsoft Office Mac Student Discount. A license for each variant is available for. Classic versions of Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and OneNote. Classic Office apps - Word, Excel, PowerPoint Currently, here are the costs of Office 2019: Office Home & Student: USD 149.99 Office Home & Business: USD 249.99. Microsoft Office 2019 Home & Student For Mac One-time purchase for 1 MAC (Lifetime License). Office PowerPoint 2019 fuels a richer and more dynamic presentation experience, including the effortless creation of cinematic motion, applying the motion of 3D objects into your slides, while being able to jump between sections in the order you decide with the simple stroke of a pen ![]() Plus using the visual chart type, TimeLine, you can show a series of events in chronological order over a linear progression of time. Office 2019 Excel enriches your presentations with better scaling, new chart types and more elements designed to identify insights, trends and opportunities to leverage your data. Office 2019 Word offers additional learning features and tools, captions, audio descriptions, text to speech and more accessibility improvements. Office Home and Student 2019 is for students and families who want classic Office apps including Word, Excel, and PowerPoint for Windows 10.Ī one-time purchase installed on 1 PC or Mac for use at home or school.Įasier on the eyes across Word, Excel and PowerPoint with Black Theme. Plus, you can save your documents in the cloud on SkyDrive and access them when you are not at home.The essentials for individuals to get it all done. Office Home & Student 2019 is designed to help you create and organize faster with time-saving features and a clean, modern look. ![]() You get all of this and more when you download Microsoft Office 2016 Home and Student from Great American Computer. Word, Excel and PowerPoint have a beautiful new look that allows you to stay focused on your work with zero distractions. 9290.00 Microsoft()Microsoft office Home&Student for MacPC MicrosoftOfficeHome&Student2019ForMac()macPC2PC21123800 1. ![]() Learn more about the latest macOS releases. The October 2022 update (16.66) is the last build to support macOS Catalina 10.15. Note that new installs of Microsoft 365 for Mac also requires macOS Big Sur 11 or later. You can draw, jot and type up notes during class for easy reference later. Upgrading your operating system to macOS Big Sur 11 or later will allow Office updates to be delivered for your apps. OneNote is a must for students who need to be able to stash notes, ideas, web pages, photos, audio and video in one simplified interface. Of course, Office 2019 is fully cloud-capable, touchscreen-optimized and accessible via Microsoft Web Apps to allow you to work from anywhere with any device. Upgraded Word, Excel, PowerPoint and OneNote have been thoughtfully enhanced with new time-saving features and a sleek, modern look. Step into the new age of Office with this digital download of Microsoft Office Home and Student 2019 containing the 2019 versions of your favorite productivity software. ![]() The Unity 2018.4.20 and VRchat SDK are the initial necessities for fulfilling your own avatar. It means that there is the ability to includes your own avatar within those 16 avatars as well. However, if it is an avatar that someone else is using, he/she should have allowed that avatar to be cloned.Īs most of the gamers were questioning the fact if they can create their own avatar, the developers have enabled to upload your own avatar into the game. Then all you need to do is to upload it to the game. You can extend your avatar limit up to 16 in the game.Īs the very first step, you should download an avatar. You need to do with great care, as you have got plenty of options to do that. When it comes to saving an avatar, you are not facilitated to save an avatar from the game itself.Īs any world doesn’t have an option to save an avatar, you need to upload an avatar. After the avatar is uploaded, you will see your avatar in the game. Now it is ready to upload and you will be able to upload the downloaded avatar in no time. Now all you have to do is to build and publish the avatar.Īs the next step, you will have to fill in the avatar information which you can include the necessary details of yours. From the step when VRchat avatar download, this will be almost the end of the process. It will be listed right under the VRchat SDK.Īlso, you need to make sure that there is not any kind of SDK error in the menu as well. The build control panel is the next place where you need to be. The unity scene will have to be selected if you are prompted to select.Īlthough there are several options, they will not make much difference if you go for a change as well. Now it is the time to open the unity package file in Unity and you will be able to uninstall it in just few seconds as usual. Only after logging in will allow you to feel the best of the experience, installing the avatar you downloaded. Like the way mentioned earlier, there are so many sites where you can find an avatar according to your favor.Īs the very next move, you need top log in to the VRchat SDK inside Unity using the same account. There are thousands of avatars that can be found in the search bar of the official site. The next step is the most amazing one, finding an avatar in your tatste. It requires the logged in state of the computer which means you can not not download it when you are lugged out. It will facilitate the needed platform for your computer. It should be installed into your computer as the next step.Īs the next steps VRchat SDk should be installed into the computer. The Unity 2018.4.20 is a small software which can be downloaded within couple of seconds. Also it will be necessity to have the latest version to have the best performance. Unity 2018.4.20 is the supported version for installing avatars. How To Save VRchat Avatars of your own? How to Install Avatars Unity 2018.4.20. ![]() When you start the program (and before you start recording) you can toggle mouse and/or keyboard capture on or off, and then for the duration of your video you’ll either have highlighted mouse and keyboard events or you won’t. Aside from the iSight recording, however, these features are all or nothing. Unlike the original iShowU, iShowU HD Pro also allows you to visually highlight mouse clicks and keyboard events, or record from your iSight simultaneously while recording your desktop. Depending on the length of your video and amount of compression you can have it online and shared with the world literally seconds after you finish recording. Unlike ScreenFlow, once you finish capturing a screencast iShowU HD Pro compresses it down ( very quickly, using your graphics card to accelerate the process), and then provides you one-click access to post the video on YouTube (presumably more upload options will be provided in the future). IShowU HD Pro, on the other hand, has no post-production capabilities whatsoever but enables you to post a finished screencast in the shortest amount of time possible. If you are using ScreenFlow, then you are almost certainly intending to do a fair amount of post-production work on your screencast from within ScreenFlow before you share it with the world. The general idea is that ScreenFlow captures positively everything that happens on-screen (while simultaneously recording audio, of course) and after you’ve recorded everything you can go in and highlight certain mouse interactions, add iSight video clips, change what part of the screen has focus, etc. ScreenFlow, for those who aren’t aware, is an all-in-one screencasting solution. However, aside from some obvious mimicry in the interface, iShowU HD Pro approaches screencasting from a completely different angle than ScreenFlow and will appeal to a different set of users. Looking at the screenshots it looked like it was a clone/competitor to ScreenFlow. I recently discovered that, utterly without fanfare, a new version of iShowU had been released: iShowU HD Pro (and iShowU HD, a less feature-rich version of the software). In particular, remember that certain providers may be located in or have facilities that are located a different jurisdiction than either you or us. However, certain third-party service providers, such as payment gateways and other payment transaction processors, have their own privacy policies in respect to the information we are required to provide to them for your purchase-related transactions.įor these providers, we recommend that you read their privacy policies so you can understand the manner in which your personal information will be handled by these providers. In general, the third-party providers used by us will only collect, use and disclose your information to the extent necessary to allow them to perform the services they provide to us. ![]() PCI-DSS requirements help ensure the secure handling of credit card information by our store and its service providers. After that is complete, your purchase transaction information is deleted.Īll direct payment gateways adhere to the standards set by PCI-DSS as managed by the PCI Security Standards Council, which is a joint effort of brands like Visa, Mastercard, American Express and Discover. Your purchase transaction data is stored only as long as is necessary to complete your purchase transaction. It is encrypted through the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI-DSS). If you choose a direct payment gateway to complete your purchase, then RapidCart Pro stores your credit card data. They store your data on a secure server behind a firewall. Your data is stored through RapidCart Pro data storage, databases and the general RapidCart Pro application. They provide us with the online e-commerce platform that allows us to sell our products and services to you. ![]() We may disclose your personal information if we are required by law to do so or if you violate our Terms of Service. If after you opt-in, you change your mind, you may withdraw your consent for us to contact you, for the continued collection, use or disclosure of your information, at anytime, by contacting us at 3 - DISCLOSURE If we ask for your personal information for a secondary reason, like marketing, we will either ask you directly for your expressed consent, or provide you with an opportunity to say no. When you provide us with personal information to complete a transaction, verify your credit card, place an order, arrange for a delivery or return a purchase, we imply that you consent to our collecting it and using it for that specific reason only. ![]() When you browse our store, we also automatically receive your computer’s internet protocol (IP) address in order to provide us with information that helps us learn about your browser and operating system.Įmail marketing (if applicable): With your permission, we may send you emails about our store, new products and other updates. When you purchase something from our store, as part of the buying and selling process, we collect the personal information you give us such as your name, address and email address. SECTION 1 - WHAT DO WE DO WITH YOUR INFORMATION? There is no Hint button, but you will have a Tutorial at the beginning that you can then skip if you wish. ![]() If you purchased the Collector's Edition, Challenges and Extras will be available to you.Īfter you have begun play of a Level and wish to quit in the middle, it will be saved. Settings include Music, Sound volume, choice of Full or Windowed Screen, Custom Cursor, and whether you wish to view game Hints. ![]() Try Boot Camp or Parallels or CrossOver Games.įrom the Main Menu, you can play the Adventure or Exit the game, choose your Settings and your player name, review the Intro, and view your Achievements, the Credits or other Playrix games. Remember that Big Fish Game Club Members pay only $13.99 for Collector's Editions, and collector's editions count 3 card punches of 6 total needed for a free game. Note: Royal Envoy 3 is currently only available in a Collector's Edition, which includes bonus gameplay (30 challenge levels), wallpapers, a screensaver, the soundtrack, and a built-in strategy guilde. For fans of the genre, this is unique and challenging entertainment and the answer to the eternal question: what do you do with a drunken sailor? In this game, you pay him. Playrix proves that less is more with this third entry into the Royal Envoy series. With 63 regular adventure levels, and another 63 expert adventure levels (reachable if you can three-star all of the regular adventure levels), you are looking at hours and hours of fun, frantic time management gameplay. Royal Envoy: Campaign for the Crown is packed with a ton of gameplay. It's a very old lesson but a good one: Once you pay the danegeld, baby, you never get rid of the Dane! If you want the light to continue, the gold must continue to flow. Especially fun in the dark and the fog levels are the drunken pirates and the druids, who will light up bonfires to illuminate an area, but only for money and only for a limited time. The mad hatters and their amazing magical tunnels, the bribable (and helpful) elephants, and all of the other new characters and challenges. Getting used to the more basic gameplay allows you, the player, to enjoy the new stuff even more. By stripping the core gameplay back in this way Playrix can add on the new stuff that is unique to each region of the kingdom without overwhelming with useless details, making the gameplay even more thoughtful and puzzle-centric. There are now only three types of housing available, and the buildings such as the sawmills and markets never get any bigger than the beginner's level which offers 50, 100, and 250 of each resource. Rather than pile on a ton of new stuff, the game first strips back a lot of the basic gameplay. Can you win the election for the king?Īnalysis: Royal Envoy: Campaign for the Crown does something highly unusual in a time management game of the Build-a-Lot type that it started out as. Along the way you are helped or hindered by a wide variety of characters including blackmailing pirates, mad hatters, greedy gluttons, helpful elephants, bored druids, and many more. There are a small variety of houses to produce rent, buildings to produce goods, and decorations to produce happiness with which to work as you attempt to repair the kingdom and kick out Swindler before he completely ruins everything. Everything can be accomplished either by a click of a mouse to set tasks or just a sweep of the cursor to pick up food, gold, or lumber that has been produced.Įach area of the kingdom has its own particular climate and challenges, whether it is snow, desert, or swamp. Solving a level is a matter of marshaling certain resources such as labor, gold, lumber, and food and applying them to create housing, buildings, or other specialized structures needed by the residents. If you've played any of the first two Royal Envoy games the basic gameplay should be pretty familiar: Each level has a set of goals which can be accomplished by constructing housing or buildings to meet the needs of the local residents. Playrix Entertainment is back with Royal Envoy: Campaign for the Crown and the action is faster, more frantic, and much more puzzle driven than ever before! Can the royal envoy fix things before the general election? Yes rejoice time management fans, because a certain snooty king and an incompetently run kingdom are back for a third time to test our puzzle solving reflexes. ![]() Now a mysterious stranger has come to town and challenged the king's right to rule. Then one day things began to fall apart and it was all blamed on the king. ![]() A long time ago, in a kingdom far, far away, lived a rather hapless population, governed by a king who was pretty snooty but ran a rather tight ship. ![]() More often than not, those climax events at the end of each chapter tended to go out with a whimper rather than a bang. A big part of this was the distinct lack of the big culminating events the previous games had. But realistically, Zombie Army 4 doesn't do anything to challenge those expectations, sweeping the player from one locale to the next, each one feeling less inspired than the last. To be fair, I don't generally have high expectations of stories rooted in zombie lore. Without that sense of natural progression, Zombie Army 4 ends up forcing the player to solve the same problem over and over. Sure, the locations change, but every chapter just boiled down to the same formulaic path. My main problem is that the majority of the chapters in the game felt way too similar. Each chapter plays out as a series of three or four levels, culminating in a big fight at the end. The story was, in my opinion, one of the weakest parts of the game. It was weird to have this unique enemy type see almost no use during the campaign. They were notably tough to fight the first time I encountered them but then were even more notably absent for almost the entirety of the rest of the story. During the story, you come across some blind zombies that charge at you when you make too much noise. Oddly enough, the distribution of the special zombies is somewhat lopsided. Many of the special zombies make a return from the original trilogy, but there are some new ones added to the guest list, like riot shield zombies that lob grenades at you from a safe distance. Besides your run-of-the-mill zombie, players can expect to run into a wide variety of special zombies designed to throw a wrench in your best-laid plans. ![]() While it's not inherently bad, it removed some of those key moments in the game where you have to find ways to subsist in situations where your reserves run dry.Įnemy variety is healthy in Zombie Army 4. The game hands you ammo often in the forms of full refill stations and drops from corpses. Unlike the previous Zombie Army games, I never encountered a time where I felt like I needed to be mindful of how much ammo I was using. My only real complaint with the gameplay is that ammo felt too plentiful. The point is that you shoot zombies and it feels good. Sometimes you shoot them to fill a blood fountain. Sometimes you shoot them to save a survivor. Zombies come from pretty much everywhere and you shoot them until they're dead. The core gameplay loop is as good as ever. Ultimately, it felt like I'd experienced so much of what the game had to offer, but there was still too much locked behind levels I would probably never reach. Even after a full run of the story and several rounds of horde mode, I was still well short of many upgrades. The only real downside of the game's progression system was that it felt a little too lengthy. Not only does this increase the overall depth of the game it extends the replayability of the game beyond a single story completion. Even the four different playable characters have minor stat tweaks between them that cater to different playstyles. Every gun can be upgraded to modify stats or add unique damage types, such as electric, incendiary, and holy. Rather than just setting your loadout, the game has a full leveling system that gives players access to different skills, equipment modifiers, and much more. The biggest addition to the game is an actual bona fide progression system. For the Sniper Elite purist in me, this was a little painful, but there are still plenty of times where the game challenges your marksmanship skills. More often than not, I found myself swapping weapons to better deal with the threats that laid before me, rather than feeling as though I had to stick to my rifle at all times. Unlike the old days, your secondary weapon and pistol are no longer afterthoughts reserved for those moments when the hordes of zombies finally close in. Although the game still arms you with a rifle, it's notably more "arcadey" than its predecessors. The first and most important thing to note about Zombie Army 4 is that it's not a Sniper Elite game anymore. Originally a standalone expansion to the Sniper Elite series, the Zombie Army games blended their marksmanship-focused third-person shooter with the ever-classic tropes of the zombie genre in a way that sparked joy in many a gamer. ![]() But-and of course, there's a but-what if the newest zombie game ships with a pedigree?Įnter Zombie Army 4: Dead War, the sequel to the now more than five-year-old Zombie Army Trilogy. I mean, the thought of playing another zombie game could be enough to make anyone's stomach churn. At this point, we've certainly blown well past zombie fatigue and into pure zombie exhaustion. The endless tide of the undead seems to find its way into a new game every month or so. These days, zombie games are a dime a dozen. For example, it knows that a foo.o can be built from a foo.c, and it knows what the command to do so is. Since these files are (traditionally) written by hand, make has a lot of magic to let you shorten the rules. Make reads its rules from a file that is usually called a Makefile. (The above is not actual syntax: make wants the commands indented by a TAB characters, which I can't do in this editing mode. This rule tells make that the file foo.o depends on the files foo.c and foo.h, and if either of them changes, it can be built by running the command on the second line. It does this by following rules created by the programmer. It would be time-consuming to always compile everything after you change anything, so make is designed to only compile the parts that need to be re-compiled after a change. A typical C program consists of several modules (.c) and header files (.h). Make is useful for controlling the build process of a project. Gcc is a C compiler: it takes a C source file and creates machine code, either in the form of unlinked object files or as an actual executable program, which has been linked to all object modules and libraries. Make gets its knowledge of how to build your program from a file called the makefile, which lists each of the non-source files and how to compute it from other files. Make is a tool which controls the generation of executables and other non-source files of a program from the program's source files. The description from GNUmake is as follows: GNUmake is one popular implementation of make. It also tracks dependencies between various source files and object files that result from compilation of sources and does only the operations on components that have changed since last build. Make is a "build tool" that invokes the compiler (which could be gcc) in a particular sequence to compile multiple sources and link them together. The GNU Compiler Collection (usually shortened to GCC) is a compiler system produced by the GNU Project supporting various programming languages. Wikipedia page on GCC describes it as a "compiler system": It supports multiple languages, but does not knows how to combine several source files into a non-trivial, running program - you will usually need at least two invocations of gcc (compile and link) to create even the simplest of programs. If you want to learn more about make do visit these two articles which I found really helpful.Gcc compiles and/or links a single file. When you will run make, you can see the following in your pwd. If you need to specify your own file name, you need to specify make -f name-of-my-file-that-make-will-use make looks for makefile, if not found, Makefile. The program that understands this is make. So, we have written a Makefile that contain instruction to automate the compilation process. main.o : main.cpp div.h g++ -c main.cpp # Same for test.o test.o : test.cpp test.h g++ -c test.cpp One single executable divisonExecutable : main.o div.o # Read this as divisionExecutable depends on main.o div.o # But how is it produced? Hmm.using the below statement g++ main.o div.o -o divisonExecutable # starts with tab, I repeat tab #- # But main.o is not there? So specify how it is produced. ![]() # Makefile # Specify what I need in the end. ![]() Important : The statements starting with # are for humans and shall not be typed in the terminal. Let us consider a single program to divide 2 numbers. The program we are going to use is called make. The file that we are going to write is named Makefile. How to write the instructions in a file that will be executed by a program to automate the build (or loosely compilation) process. What about if I give you a list of instructions and a program, that can execute these instructions and do this compilation for you. Now, if I give you this source code, would you be able to compile it and get an executable that you can double click and the software starts running? This would be painful (if not difficult) even for an expert. ![]() The number could be as large as 1000 for complex projects like Adobe Photoshop or Google Chrome. Many of my students struggle to understand the C++ compilation when applied to multiple files that belong to same project.Ī C++ project, something that will give you one executable, can consists of multiple files. Make and CMake : Automating C++ Build Process |